A supernova is the catastrophic explosion of a star. Thermonuclear supernovae in particular signal the complete destruction of a white dwarf star, leaving nothing behind. When a team of astronomers led by Dr. Curtis McCully, Senior Astrodata Scientist at Las Cumbres Observatory, went to look at the site of the peculiar thermonuclear supernova SN 2012Z with the Hubble Space Telescope; they were shocked to find that the star had survived the explosion. These findings were presented in an article in The Astrophysical Journal and featured in a press conference at the 240th meeting of the American Astronomical Society. The scientists were shocked to find that the star was even brighter after the supernova than it had been before it exploded. The puzzling results give us new information about the origins of some of the most common, yet mysterious, explosions in the universe.
These thermonuclear supernovae are also called Type Ia supernovae and are some of the most important tools in the astronomers’ toolkit, since they are used to measure cosmic distances. Beginning in 1998, observations of these supernovae revealed that the universe has been expanding at an ever-accelerating rate. This is thought to be due to Dark Energy, the discovery of which won the Nobel Prize in physics in 2011.
While they are vitally important to astronomy, the origins of thermonuclear supernovae are poorly understood. Astronomers agree that they are the destruction of white dwarf stars – stars roughly the mass of the sun packed into the size of the Earth. What causes the stars to explode is unknown. One theory is that the white dwarf steals matter from a companion star and when the white dwarf gets too heavy, thermonuclear reactions ignite in the core and lead to a runaway explosion that destroys the star.
SN 2012Z was a strange type of thermonuclear explosion, sometimes called a Type Iax supernova. These supernovae are the dimmer, weaker, cousins of the more traditional Type Ia. Because they are less powerful and slower explosions, some have theorized that they are failed Type Ia supernova explosions. The new observations confirm this theory.
In 2012, the supernova 2012Z was detected in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 1309. This galaxy had been studied in depth and there were many Hubble images taken over the years leading up to 2012Z. Hubble images were taken in 2013 in an effort to identify which star in the older images corresponded to the star that had exploded. Analysis of this data in 2014 was successful. Indeed, scientists were able to identify the star at the exact position of the supernova 2012Z. This was the first time that the progenitor star of a white dwarf supernova had been identified.
Color images of NGC 1309 both before and after SN 2012Z. The left panel shows the Hubble Heritage (pre-explosion) image of NGC 1309. The top-middle panel shows a zoom in on the position of the supernova from the pre-explosion image. The top-right shows SN~2012Z from the 2013 visit. The middle-bottom panel shows the location of SN~2012Z in the latest observations in 2016. The bottom-right panel shows the difference image between the pre-explosion images and the observations from 2016. The source at the location of SN~2012Z is still significantly brighter in 2016 than in the pre-explosion images. Image from McCully et al. 2022, ApJ, 925, 138.
“We were expecting to see one of two things when we got the most recent Hubble data,” lead author McCully said, “either the star would have completely gone away, or maybe it would have still been there, meaning the star we saw in the pre-explosion images wasn’t the one that blew up. Nobody was expecting to see a surviving star that was brighter. That was a real puzzle.”
McCully and the team think that the half-exploded star got brighter because it puffed up to a much bigger state. The supernova wasn’t strong enough to blow all the material away, so some of it fell back into what is called a bound remnant. Over time, they expect the star to slowly return to its initial state, only less massive and larger. For white dwarf stars, the less mass they have, paradoxically the larger they are in diameter.
“This star surviving is a little like Obi-Wan Kenobi coming back as a force ghost in Star Wars,” says Dr. Andy Howell, another author on the study, and a Senior Staff Scientist at Las Cumbres Observatory and Adjunct Professor at the University of California Santa Barbara. “Nature tried to strike this star down, but it came back more powerful than we could have imagined. It is still the same star, but back in a different form. It transcended death.”
For decades scientists thought Type Ia supernovae explode when a white dwarf star reaches a certain limit in size, called the Chandrasekhar limit, about 1.4 times the mass of the sun. That model has fallen somewhat out of favor in the last few years as many supernovae have been found to be less massive than that and new theoretical ideas have indicated that there are other ways to cause them to explode. Astronomers were not sure if stars ever got near the Chandrasekhar limit before exploding. The study authors now think that this growth to the ultimate limit is exactly what happened to SN 2012Z.
“The implications for Type Ia supernovae are profound,” says McCully. “We’ve found that supernovae at least can grow to the limit and explode. Yet the explosions are weak, at least some of the time. Now we need to understand what makes a supernova fail and become a Type Iax, and what makes one successful as a Type Ia.”
This work was published in “Still Brighter than Pre-explosion, SN 2012Z Did Not Disappear: Comparing Hubble Space Telescope Observations a Decade Apart” in 2022, ApJ, 925, 138, by McCully, Curtis; Jha, Saurabh W.; Scalzo, Richard A.; Howell, D. Andrew; Foley, Ryan J.; Zeng, Yaotian; Liu, Zheng-Wei; Hosseinzadeh, Griffin; Bildsten, Lars; Riess, Adam G.; Kirshner, Robert P.; Marion, G. H.; and Camacho-Neves, Yssavo.
